On the other hand, how does that jibe with the rule? Many of the reports contained acknowledgments like this: Following are the four most common
As defined in the regulation, critical phases of flight are all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff, and landing, and all other flight operations below 10,000 feet except cruise flight. The early establishment of proper habits of instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control is highly useful to the student. In many districts, the board has delegated authority to an administrator or third party to hear the expulsion case. reports: The connotation "extraneous
The habits formed at this time also give him or her a firm foundation for later training for an instrument rating, As students become more proficient in monitoring and correcting their own flight technique by reference to flight instruments, the performance obtained from an aircraft increases noticeably. On the positive side, the pilot made a precautionary landing at a time and place of his choosing. Instructors should also take care to clearly describe the actions students are expected to perform. Use ADM to correct faulty approaches and landing errors. Keep all radio communications to a minimum. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. Background: While some studies have described the importance of reducing interruptions as a tactic to reduce medication errors, work is needed to assess the impact on . It is neither appropriate nor effective for instructors to try to impress students with their expertise by using language that is unnecessarily complicated. This frequently limits the students perceptive ability and retards the development of insights. After an intensive look at ADM with suggestions for how to interweave ADM, risk management, and SRM into the teaching process, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations. The steps leading to this conclusion constitute the decision-making process. If this fluid is not replaced, fatigue progresses to dizziness, weakness, nausea, tingling of hands and feet, abdominal cramps, and extreme thirst, Heatstroke is a condition caused by any inability of the body to control its temperature. AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision-Making, provides background references, definitions, and other pertinent information about ADM training in the GA environment. The student should also understand the correct sequence and be aware of safety precautions for each procedure or maneuver. Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), "Accident and Incident Reports Show Importance of Sterile Cockpit Compliance". The purpose is to determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. The PIC should brief passengers before the flight to make sure that they are comfortable voicing any concerns, Possibly the greatest external resources during flight are air traffic controllers and flight service specialists. The procedures and elements mastered in each step should be clearly identified in explaining or demonstrating the performance of the subsequent step, Impatience can result from instruction keyed to the pace of a slow learner when it is applied to a motivated, fast learner. If the student bounces an airplane on landing, teach the student to make an immediate go around. by the conversation. An implicit prerequisite for the evidence-based transfer of such a concept to the clinical domain, however, is the clear definition of periods of high mental workload. Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. Students must understand the purpose of the assessment; otherwise, they will be unlikely to accept the evaluation offered and little improvement will result. themselves and their operating instruments before the operation. students should be able to identify their own skills and knowledge, aeronautical charts, ATC, flight service, and navigation equipment as some of the resources that can be used in this situation, Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload. These problems are often due to inadequacies of the course or of the instructor. (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. Once the instructor loses student confidence, it is difficult to regain, and the learning rate is unnecessarily diminished, Student anxiety may place additional burdens on the instructor. As workload increases, attention cannot be devoted to several tasks at one time, and the pilot may begin to focus on one item. The instructor must exercise good judgment to decide how much control to use. Upon reaching a wings-level attitude, reduce power and trim to remove control pressures, Second, the student tells as the instructor does. The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. Would suggest that, in these flight circumstances where cruise
During all phases of flight training, CFIs should remember they are role models for the student. In a typical flight lesson, reasonable goals are listed in the lesson objectives and the desired levels of proficiency for the goals are included in statements that contain completion standards, Impatience is a greater deterrent to learning pilot skills than is generally recognized. While demonstrating inflight maneuvers, the instructor should explain the required power settings, aircraft attitudes, and describe any other pertinent factors that may apply. reasons for non-adherence to the sterile cockpit rule: The most habitually cited offense
There are many types of assessment, but the flight instructor generally uses the review, collaborative assessment (LCG), written tests, and performance-based tests to ascertain knowledge or practical skill levels. Since students generally imitate the instructors performance, the instructor must demonstrate the skill exactly the way the students are expected to practice it, including all safety procedures that the students must follow. here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100 .). The flight instructor is the only person in a position to make the determination a student is ready for solo operations. Things like monitoring altitude on an instrument approach, or
A successful CFI points out the potential for the behavior and teaches the student the antidote for that attitude. Consequently, important things were missed. thousands of ASRS reports, the potential for problems (such as misunderstood
reports, a safer operation can be achieved by simply abiding by the rule's guidelines. While being vectored in a busy terminal
A student may show an initial tendency to move the bar in the direction of the desired turn. Two steps to improve flight safety are identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight and learning behavior modification techniques, Flight instructors must be able to spot hazardous attitudes in a student because recognition of hazardous thoughts is the first step toward neutralizing them. Effective use of instruments also results in superior cross-country navigation, better coordination, and generally, a better overall pilot competency level, General aviation accident reports provide ample support for the belief that reference to flight instruments is important to safety. This reporter, a commuter pilot who
However, in an emergency situation when action needs be taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC immediately. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. This can be accomplished by frequently reviewing flight information publications, such as 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), as well as by pursuing additional training, A thorough understanding of all the equipment and systems in the aircraft is necessary to fully utilize all resources. With the increased use of two-crew member cockpits this consideration is increasingly
After reaching his destination, the pilot did not request refueling. A strange smell or sound may alert a passenger to a potential problem. A pilot in command (PIC) must know when to tell any passengers, even a DPE, when the PIC finds actions in the aircraft that distract and interfere with the safe conduct of the flight, Integrated flight instruction is flight instruction during which students are taught to perform flight maneuvers both by outside visual references and by reference to flight instruments. For example, advanced navigation and autopilot systems are valuable resources flight instructors must ensure students know how to use. Other valuable flight deck resources include current aeronautical charts and publications, such as the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD), It should be pointed out to students that passengers can also be a valuable resource. The report cited the pilot and co-pilot for poor
For those who develop company procedures, consideration
The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. Officer. This is especially important for flight instruction. In addition to policy development, a board of education may become involved in student discipline when it is necessary to expel a student from school. This tendency will dissipate with time, but allowing the student to see the effect of his or her control input is a valuable aid in illustrating the stability of the aircraft. Duties such as company required calls made for such non safety related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier or pointing out sights of interest, and filling out company payroll and related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. An instructional flight should be terminated as soon as incipient sickness is experienced. By noticing this discrepancy, she has recognized a change. For example, if the student consistently makes a decision not to fly, even though weather briefings indicate favorable conditions, it may be due to apprehension regarding the lesson content. Reviewing the appropriate chart and setting radio frequencies well in advance of need helps reduce workload as the flight nears the airport. Aircraft speed and control take precedence over all other actions during landings and takeoffs, Stress landing in the first third of the runway to ensure there is stopping distance for the aircraft. Dehydration reduces a pilots level of alertness, producing a subsequent slowing of decision-making processes or even the inability to control the aircraft. engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a
Furthermore, by requiring the first solo flight to consist of landings to a full stop, the flight instructor has the opportunity to stop the flight if necessary, In gliders, a low energy landing is the most desirable, based on current winds. How can a flight instructor ensure the safety of flight training activities, and also train clients to operate their aircraft safely after they leave the relatively protected flight training environment? and other activities along the route and were not observing the 'sterile cockpit'
For example, including relaxation time in a busy schedule and maintaining a program of physical fitness can help reduce stress levels. it clearly defines when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and
In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. Nothing destroys a students interest as quickly as a poorly organized period of instruction. As discussed in chapters 4 and 5, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. Postflight critiques should be in a written format, such as notes to aid the flight instructor in covering all areas that were noticed during the flight or lesson. cockpit needs to be cleaned up. specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities
This is especially important due to the wide variety in global positioning systems (GPS) and glass panel displays, It is the personal responsibility of each flight instructor to maintain familiarity with current pilot training techniques and certification requirements.